Plagiarism Certification Tests for Master’s and Doctoral Students

Original Source Material

Student Version

Educational measurement and statistical analysis of results historically have tended to follow a pattern where variables are measured separately and then a mathematical model is chosen to portray the relationship among the variables.

References:
Frick, T. W. (1990). Analysis of patterns in time: A method of recording and quantifying temporal relations in education. American Educational Research Journal, 27(1), 180-204.

Various sciences have taken the approach where variables are measured separately and then a mathematical model is chosen to portray the relationship among the variables.

Original Source Material

Student Version

When the observation begins, the state of each classification is noted along with the time. As can be seen in Figure 1, at 7:21:48 a.m. the cloud structure is cirrus, precipitation is null, atmospheric pressure is above 30 (p.s.i.), air temperature is 33°F, and the season is winter. The observer waits until there is a change in one or more classifications before recording further. For example, in Figure 1 the first change observed was at 7:46:18 a.m. when the atmospheric pressure dropped to below 30 (p.s.i.). The next change was at 8:24:15 a.m. when the cloud structure directly overhead changed to nimbus stratus.

References:
Frick, T. W. (1990). Analysis of patterns in time: A method of recording and quantifying temporal relations in education. American Educational Research Journal, 27(1), 180-204.

When the observation begins, the state of each classification is noted along with the time. For example at the start, cloud structure is cirrus, precipitation is absent, atmospheric pressure is above 29 (p.s.i.), air temperature is 56°F, and the season is winter at precisely 7:21:48 a.m.. After waiting, the observer notes that there is a change in one or more classifications before recording further. For example, at 7:46:18 a.m. the atmospheric pressure drops to below 29 (p.s.i.). The next change is at 8:24:15 a.m. when the cloud structure directly overhead changes to nimbus stratus.

Original Source Material

We shall take the simpleminded view that a theory is just a model of the universe, or a restricted part of it, and a set of rules that relate quantities in the model to observations that we make. It exists only in our minds and does not have any other reality (whatever that might mean). A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements. It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.

References:
Hawking, S., & Mlodinow, L. (2008). A briefer history of time (Reprint.). New York, NY: Bantam.

Hawking and Mlodinow (2008) identify two requirements for evaluating the quality of a theory: (1) its ability to accurately describe what is observed based on the model associated with the theory; (2) its ability to make accurate predictions about what will be observed in the future. These two requirements form the basis for comparing one theory to another.

References:
Hawking, S., & Mlodinow, L. (2008). A briefer history of time (Reprint.). New York, NY: Bantam.

Original Source Material

Student Version

The fact that the day of Queen Victoria’s funeral coincides with the birth of the narrator may, on the one hand, signify the cultural moment when Victorian decency and codes of femininity are left behind, buried, and put to rest, and in this way, it can be interpreted as a moment when even certain untold stories can be told. On the other hand, however, it may also foretell something of a story in which matrilineage is unnaturally broken; also, it tells us about the permeability of the border between, and about the coexistence of, life and death.

References:
Séllei, N., (2009) The mother in mourning as the subject of autobiography in Rosamond Lehmann’s The swan in the evening: Fragments of an inner life. In A. O’Reilly, & S. Caporale-Bizzini (Eds.). From the personal to the political: Toward a new theory of maternal narrative (pp. 170-182). Cranbury, NJ: Susquehanna University Press.

The coexistence of life and death, indeed, the permeable nature of the boundary between life and death is frequently the subject of literary analysis. This is also the focus of Séllei’s (2009) article on Rosamond Lehmann’s novel.

References:
Séllei, N., (2009) The mother in mourning as the subject of autobiography in Rosamond Lehmann’s The swan in the evening: Fragments of an inner life. In A. O’Reilly, & S. Caporale-Bizzini (Eds.). From the personal to the political: Toward a new theory of maternal narrative (pp. 170-182). Cranbury, NJ: Susquehanna University Press.

Original Source Material

Student Version

The design team held weekly meetings during the first semester of work. In addition to these meetings, the team members used emails and a listserv for communication. The team eventually created a website hosted by Google to keep track of all of the decisions made during the design process.

References:
Lara, M. A., Myers, R., Frick, T. W., Aslan, S., & Michaelidou, T. (2010). A design case: Developing an enhanced version of the Diffusion Simulation Game. International Journal of Designs for Learning, 1(1). Retrieved from https://www.indiana.edu/~tedfrick/
aDesignCaseIJDL2010.pdf

In the end the design team created an online repository to document all the design decisions that were made (Lara, Myers, Frick, Aslan, & Michaelidou, 2010). However, initially they held weekly meetings with emails and listservs providing additional means of communication.

Original Source Material

Student Version

The selected memories, nevertheless, both from her childhood and from Sally’s do coalesce, or at least indicate a very clear thematic focus: primarily death, and, to a smaller extent, writing, creation, the power of words-two aspects where this book originates in: the trauma of death as a source of writing–and, as a result, as a means of creating one’s self, the autobiographical subject, or the subject of this autobiography.

References:
Séllei, N., (2009) The mother in mourning as the subject of autobiography in Rosamond Lehmann’s The swan in the evening: Fragments of an inner life. In A. O’Reilly, & S. Caporale-Bizzini (Eds.). From the personal to the political: Toward a new theory of maternal narrative (pp. 170-182). Cranbury, NJ: Susquehanna University Press.

The carefully chosen memories of youth and the memories from Sally’s childhood do merge and also point to death and writing as truly important themes in the book. According to Séllei (2009), the impact of death on an individual may serve “as a source of writing–and, as a result, as a means of creating one’s self, the autobiographical subject, or the subject of this autobiography” (p. 175).

References:
Séllei, N., (2009) The mother in mourning as the subject of autobiography in Rosamond Lehmann’s The swan in the evening: Fragments of an inner life. In A. O’Reilly, & S. Caporale-Bizzini (Eds.). From the personal to the political: Toward a new theory of maternal narrative (pp. 170-182). Cranbury, NJ: Susquehanna University Press.

Original Source Material

Student Version

From reading educator-authors’ revisions, and experiencing confusion myself surrounding how performance measures fit into a design case, I feel the problem arises from how new authors view design cases in relation to scientific experimental studies in education. A designer who is also a researcher must recognize the difference in perspective between a design case and an experimental study which uses a design for teaching and learning.

References:
Howard, C. D. (2011). Writing and rewriting the instructional design case: A view from two sides. International Journal of Designs for Learning, 2(1), 40-55.

The confusion regarding the way performance measures relate to design cases is explained as stemming from “how new authors view design cases in relation to scientific experimental studies in education” (Howard, 2011, p. 50). The paradigm shift is something that I can see myself struggling with.

References:
Howard, C. D. (2011). Writing and rewriting the instructional design case: A view from two sides. International Journal of Designs for Learning, 2(1), 40-55.

Original Source Material

Student Version

The study of learning derives from essentially two sources. Because learning involves the acquisition of knowledge, the first concerns the nature of knowledge and how we come to know things…. The second source in which modern learning theory is rooted concerns the nature and representation of mental life.

References:
Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

The depiction and essence of mental life, the essential qualities of knowledge, and explanations for how knowledge is created provide for the origins of modern learning theory. Disagreement between theories of learning can often be traced to differences in one or more of these areas.

Original Source Material

Student Version

It is when all our forces can move freely in us. In nature, this quality is almost automatic, because there are no images to interfere with natural processes of making things. But in all of our creations, the possibility occurs that images can interfere with the natural, necessary order of a thing. And, most of all, this way that images distort the things we make, is familiar in ourselves.

References:
Alexander, C. (1979). The timeless way of building(Vol. 1). New York, NY: Oxford University Press USA.

Is has been suggested that images have the potential to warp those things created by humans in ways that natural creations are not exposed to (Alexander, 1979). However, the boundary between human and natural creations can be fuzzy. For example, many breeds of dog are the result of intentional human intervention. Does this make them human creations?

References:
Alexander, C. (1979). The timeless way of building(Vol. 1). New York, NY: Oxford University Press USA.

Original Source Material

Student Version

To return to the primeval soup, it must have become populated by stable varieties of molecule; stable in that either the individual molecules lasted a long time, or they replicated rapidly, or they replicated accurately. Evolutionary trends toward these three kinds of stability took place in the following sense: if you had sampled the soup at two different times, the later sample would have contained a higher proportion of varieties with high longevity/fecundity/copying-fidelity.

References:
Dawkins, R. (1989). The selfish gene (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

In the case of the primeval environment of earth, evolution moved towards molecular stability in that “ either the individual molecules lasted a long time, or they replicated rapidly, or they replicated accurately” (Dawkins, 1989). While most would not consider the molecules as living they, nonetheless, showed characteristics of evolution.

References:
Dawkins, R. (1989). The selfish gene (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.