Introduction to Criminal Justice, law homework help

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Policing: Purpose and Organization

• List the five core operational strategies of law enforcement.
• Describe preventative patrol. What is its purpose?
• List and describe the two types of roles that police agencies fall into.
• What is the chain of command in law enforcement?
• List and describe the three (3) styles of policing.
• Define and describe community policing. Also, discuss the criticisms of community policing.

Policing: Legal Aspects

• List the three (3) major areas of due process requirements relevant to the police.
• Define landmark case.
• What does the 4th amendment cover?
• What is the purpose of the exclusionary rule?
• Define writ of certiorari.
• Define fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine.
• List and describe the implications of Chimel v. California.
• What is the good faith exception?
• What is probable cause?
• What is the plainview doctrine and when does it apply/not apply?
• What are emergency searches? When do officers need to announce themselves?
• Define arrest. How does the court determine arrest? What is needed for arrest?
• Define a search incident to arrest.
• Define reasonable suspicion. In other words, what is it?
• Describe the two-prong test that the Supreme Court established concerning the use of informants to establish probable cause.
• What is interrogation?
• Describe the Miranda decision. What did the Supreme Court rule and establish in the Miranda decision?
• Describe when suspects can waive their Miranda rights.
• List and describe the two exceptions to Miranda.

Policing: Issues and Legal Challenges

• Define the police subculture.
• Define police discretion. Factors that influence the individual officer.
• Describe the police personality. What are at least two (2) sources of the police personality?

Courts: Structure and Organization

• America’s criminal justice system is composed of two types of courts – list them.
• Describe state trial courts.
• Define appeals.
• What two courts make-up the Appellate division of the state court system? List them.
• Define dispute resolution centers. What do these programs emphasize? What types of offenses do they hear?
• Define community courts. What do these programs emphasize? What types of offenses do they hear? Can they hand down sentences? If so, what types?
• What are specialized courts? What types of offenses and/or special populations do specialized courts focus on?
• List the two (2) main goals of specialized courts? What type of model do they follow?
• Name the three levels that make-up the federal judiciary or federal court system.
• Briefly describe the role of U.S. District Courts? What jurisdiction do they have?
• Describe the organization of the U.S. Courts of Appeals. What type of jurisdiction do they have?
• Describe the organization, role, jurisdiction, and purpose of the U.S. Supreme Court.
• What is the professional courtroom workgroup (also known as the courtroom workgroup)? Which actors make-up the professional courtroom workgroup? How is it believed to operate?
• Who are outsiders or nonprofessional courtroom actors? Why are they considered to be “outsiders?”
• List the primary duties of the trial judge. Why are they believed to have the ultimate authority in the courtroom? How are judges selected?
• What is the primary responsibility of the prosecuting attorney?
• What is prosecutorial discretion? How do prosecutors exercise discretion (list examples)?
• How do prosecutors abuse discretion?
• Describe the responsibilities and role of the defense counsel.
• How is the professional ethics of defense counsel challenged?
• Define/describe the bailiff.
• Define/describe expert witness. What are they able to do that lay witnesses are not able to do during testimony?
• Define/describe lay witness.
• Define/describe jurors. How many individuals serve on a jury? What basic requirements must an individual meet to get selected for jury duty?
• List the hardships that identifiable surviving victims experience while participating in the criminal justice system.
• List the different ways that defendants can influence events in the courtroom.
• List the disadvantages that defendants typically suffer from.

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